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Bhatt DL 等 (2019). Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812792(备注里那项高纯度处方鱼油试验)
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美国那个负责给预防措施打分的官方机构 USPSTF,2022 年给 β 胡萝卜素和维生素 E 评了 D 级,意思是建议别用。吸烟的人和接触过石棉的人已经因此受了害。蔬菜水果里本身含的抗氧化物不算在内,照吃
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IDEA 试验找了 471 名超重或肥胖的成年人,跟了 24 个月。大家做的饮食和运动安排是一样的,区别只在戴不戴可穿戴设备。戴的那组减重 3.5 公斤(95% CI 2.6–4.5,这是可信范围)。不戴的那组减了 5.9 公斤(5.0–6.8),反而更多。两组差 2.4 公斤(1.0–3.7,P=0.002)。它看起来划算,是因为「量化才能管理」这句话听着有道理,而且设备买一次就完事
来源
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只能说「没有证据支持」,所以只给 C 级。把身体代谢产生的废物清出去,本来就是肝和肾在干的活。只要这两个器官没有生病,就不需要额外做什么「排毒」
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Cochrane 系统综述 2019 年更新版收了 17 项随机分组的对照试验。算总死亡率时,合并了其中 11 项试验、233,298 名参与者、21,535 例死亡。做通用健康检查的那组和对照组一样,RR 1.00。RR 是风险比,1 就是两边一个样。95% CI 0.97–1.03 是可信范围。算因心血管病死亡时,合并 9 项试验、170,227 人、6,237 例死亡,RR 1.05(95% CI 0.94–1.16)。算因癌症死亡时,合并 8 项试验、139,290 人、3,663 例死亡,RR 1.01(95% CI 0.92–1.12)。这两项也都没看出差别。作者的结论是「通用健康检查不大可能有益」。国家基本公共卫生服务项目给 35 岁及以上的常住居民每年免费测量一次血压。它还给 65 岁及以上的老年人每年免费提供一次健康体检。这次免费体检包含体格检查、血常规、尿常规、空腹血糖和心电图。肝功能查谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、总胆红素。肾功能查血清肌酐、血尿素。血脂查总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇。最后还有肝胆胰脾的腹部 B 超(全国)
来源
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美国一项全国代表性调查访问了 1518 名性少数成年人,约 7% 做过矫正,其中八成是宗教人士做的。扣除年龄、童年不幸经历等因素后,做过矫正的人一生中有过自杀念头的 OR 1.92(95% CI 1.01–3.64,高约九成)。计划过自杀的 OR 1.75(1.01–3.06)。没受伤或受轻伤的自杀尝试 OR 1.88(1.01–3.50)。
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美国一项试验找了 36282 名绝经后女性,每天吃 1000 毫克钙加 400 IU 维 D,平均跟踪 7 年。肾结石风险高约 17%(HR 1.17,95% CI 1.02–1.34,可信范围)。髋部骨折低约 12%,但不显著(HR 0.88,0.72–1.08)。它看起来划算,是因为「骨头是钙做的,多吃钙就长得快」这个直觉
来源
Gatt T, Grech A, Arshad H (2023). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation for Bone Healing in Fracture Patients: A Systematic Review. Advances in Orthopedics, 2023, 6236045. doi.org/10.1155/2023/6236045
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Gorter EA, Krijnen P, Schipper IB (2017). Vitamin D status and adult fracture healing. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma, 8(1), 34-37. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2016.09.003(备注里那项)
争议与备注
争议:有两处小苗头。丹麦一项试验找了 30 名上臂近肩处骨折的老年女性,她们有骨质疏松或骨量偏低。每天吃 800 IU 维 D 加 1 克钙的人,第 6 周骨折处骨密度更高(0.623 对 0.570 g/cm²)。但它只量了骨密度,没看骨头长没长好,人也太少。那项 102 人的试验事后拆开看,大剂量维 D 的人功能评分略好,作者说还要再做试验确认。本来就缺维 D 的人另说。荷兰一项跟踪记录里,补了以后仍然缺的人,愈合拖慢的占 9.7%。本来不缺的人占 0.3%,补上来的人占 1.7%。这只是跟踪记录,证明不了因果。查出缺了,按医生说的补到正常。已经确诊骨质疏松、或者轻轻一摔就骨折的人,要的是抗骨质疏松药,见第 1 节第 40 条(抗骨质疏松药),钙片代替不了它。不缺维 D 的人长期补没有好处,见本节第 3 条(补维生素 D)。要否掉的是「额外猛补」,不是少吃钙,三餐里的钙照常吃够,见本节第 21 条(防肾结石把钙戒掉)。刚摔了怀疑骨折怎么办,见第 13 节第 41 条(怀疑骨折)。收益定中,是按一年钙片和维 D 的钱算的。受益人是你自己。
第31
不要指望靠 AI 聊天机器人自己判断病情和法律问题,看病、打官司、花大钱之前,把它说的依据找到原文核一遍
证据 A 性价比 一般钱 · 0 元时间 · 少毅力 · 些口径 · 死亡率有争议
说人话
把完整病例交给 AI,九成以上它能认出是什么病。但普通人拿它问症状,认出病的反而比自己上网查的人少,该不该去急诊也没判得更准。问法律问题,通用 AI 至少 58% 的回答有编的内容,还会顺着你问题里的错误说法往下讲。
成本
不花钱。每次核对要多花几分钟到半小时。让 AI 写出它依据的法条、指南或论文,你自己打开原文,找到那句话。要改的习惯是,别因为它说得肯定就照做。
收益
先看看病。2026 年 Nature Medicine 发表了一项随机分组的试验,1298 名英国普通人参加,方案事先登记过。每人拿到两个编好的病例,要判断是什么病、该去急诊还是在家观察。一部分人用 AI 聊天机器人帮忙,用的是 GPT-4o、Llama 3、Command R+。对照组用自己平时的办法,多数是上网搜,或者看英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)的官网。把完整病例直接交给 AI,它 94.9% 的情况能认出相关的病,56.3% 能判对该去哪看。普通人用同样的 AI,认出相关疾病的不到 34.5%,判对去哪看的不到 44.2%。对照组认出相关疾病的几率是用 AI 的人的 1.76 倍(95% CI 1.45–2.13,可信范围)。认出危险信号类重病的几率是 1.57 倍(1.28–1.92)。判断该去哪看,两边差不多。作者翻了对话记录,问题出在两处:用户没把症状说全,AI 提到了对的病,用户却没采纳。
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